ââåstephen Shoreã¢â❠Is at the Museum of Modern Art

Coordinates: forty°45′41.8″N 73°58′39.4″W  /  twoscore.761611°North 73.977611°West  / forty.761611; -73.977611

Art museum in Manhattan, New York City

Museum of Modern Art

Established	November vii, 1929; 92 years ago  (1929-11-07)
Location	11 West 53rd Street Manhattan, New York City
Type	Art museum
Visitors	706,060 (2020)[1]
Director	Glenn D. Lowry
Public transit access	Subway: Fifth Artery/53rd Street (​ trains) Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M7, M10, M20, M50, M104
Website	www.moma.org

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street betwixt 5th and Sixth Avenues.

It plays a major function in developing and collecting modern fine art, and is frequently identified as i of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world.^[2] MoMA'south collection offers an overview of mod and contemporary fine art, including works of compages and design, drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, motion-picture show, and electronic media.^[3]

The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, more than 1,000 periodical titles, and more than forty,000 files of ephemera well-nigh private artists and groups.^[four] The archives hold primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art.^[five]

It attracted 706,060 visitors in 2020, a drop of lx-five per centum from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It ranked xx-fifth on the list of most visited fine art museums in the earth in 2020.^[six]

History [edit]

Heckscher and other buildings (1929–1939) [edit]

The thought for the Museum of Modern Art was adult in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (married woman of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.) and two of her friends, Lillie P. Bliss and Mary Quinn Sullivan.^[vii] They became known variously as "the Ladies" or "the adamantine ladies".^{[8] [9]} They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan,^[eight] and it opened to the public on November seven, 1929, nine days subsequently the Wall Street Crash.^[10] Abby Rockefeller had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the onetime president of the lath of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, to go president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it was America'due south premier museum devoted exclusively to mod fine art, and the starting time of its kind in Manhattan to showroom European modernism.^[11] One of Rockefeller'south early recruits for the museum staff was the noted Japanese-American lensman Soichi Sunami (at that time best known for his portraits of modern dance pioneer Martha Graham), who served the museum equally its official documentary photographer from 1930 until 1968.^{[12] [13]}

Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to bring together him as founding trustees. Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days every bit a "collector of curators". Goodyear asked him to recommend a managing director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, Jr., a promising young protégé. Under Barr's guidance, the museum's holdings rapidly expanded from an initial souvenir of eight prints and ane drawing. Its commencement successful loan exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings past Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, and Seurat.^[14]

Offset housed in half-dozen rooms of galleries and offices on the twelfth floor of Manhattan's Heckscher Building,^[xv] on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, the museum moved into three more temporary locations within the adjacent ten years. Abby Rockefeller'due south husband, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., was adamantly opposed to the museum (besides as to modernistic fine art itself) and refused to release funds for the venture, which had to exist obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location. Nevertheless, he eventually donated the land for the electric current site of the museum, plus other gifts over fourth dimension, and thus became in result one of its greatest benefactors.^[sixteen]

During that time the museum initiated many more than exhibitions of noted artists, such equally the lonely Vincent van Gogh exhibition on Nov 4, 1935. Containing an unprecedented lx-half dozen oils and 50 drawings from the netherlands, every bit well equally poignant excerpts from the artist's messages, it was a major public success due to Barr's arrangement of the exhibit, and became "a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the contemporary imagination".^[17]

53rd Street (1939–present) [edit]

1930s to 1950s [edit]

The museum besides gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Found of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a meaning reinterpretation of Picasso for futurity art scholars and historians. This was wholly masterminded by Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest artist of the fourth dimension, setting the model for all the museum'due south retrospectives that were to follow.^[18] Male child Leading a Equus caballus was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.^[19] In 1941, MoMA hosted the ground-breaking exhibition, "Indian Art of the United States" (curated by Frederic Huntington Douglas and Rene d'Harnoncourt), that inverse the way Native American arts were viewed past the public and exhibited in art museums.

The entrance to The Museum of Mod Art

When Abby Rockefeller's son Nelson was selected by the board of trustees to become its president, in 1939, at the age of 30; he was a flamboyant leader and became the prime instigator and funding source of MoMA's publicity, acquisitions, and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street. His blood brother, David Rockefeller, likewise joined the museum'southward board of trustees, in 1948, and took over the presidency, when Nelson was elected Governor of New York, in 1958.

David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the museum garden and name information technology in accolade of his mother, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden. He and the Rockefeller family unit in general take retained a close clan with the museum throughout its history, with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947. Both David Rockefeller, Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (wife of former senator Jay Rockefeller) sit on the lath of trustees.^{[ citation needed ]} Later the Rockefeller Invitee Firm at 242 East 52nd Street was completed in 1950, some MoMA functions were held in the house until 1964.^{[twenty] [21]}

In 1937, MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Time-Life Edifice in Rockefeller Center. Its permanent and current dwelling house, now renovated, designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone, opened to the public on May 10, 1939, attended by an illustrious visitor of 6,000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[22]

1958 burn down [edit]

On April 15, 1958, a fire on the second flooring destroyed an 18-foot (v.five k) long Monet H2o Lilies painting (the current Monet H2o Lilies was caused shortly after the fire equally a replacement). The burn started when workmen installing ac were smoking near paint cans, sawdust, and a canvas dropcloth. Ane worker was killed in the fire and several firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation. Most of the paintings on the floor had been moved for the construction although large paintings including the Monet were left. Fine art piece of work on the 3rd and 4th floors were evacuated to the Whitney Museum of American Art, which abutted information technology on the 54th Street side. Amidst the paintings that were moved was A Lord's day Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, which had been on loan by the Art Institute of Chicago. Visitors and employees higher up the fire were evacuated to the roof and so jumped to the roof of an adjoining townhouse.^[23]

1960–1982 [edit]

In 1969, the MoMA was at the center of a controversy over its decision to withdraw funding from the iconic anti-war poster And babies. In 1969, the Art Workers Coalition (AWC), a grouping of New York Metropolis artists who opposed the Vietnam War, in collaboration with Museum of Modern Fine art members Arthur Drexler and Elizabeth Shaw, created an iconic protest poster called And babies.^[24] The poster uses an epitome past photojournalist Ronald L. Haeberle and references the My Lai Massacre. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) had promised to fund and circulate the poster, but later on seeing the two past 3 foot poster MoMA pulled financing for the project at the last infinitesimal.^{[25] [26]} MoMA'south Board of Trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William South. Paley (head of CBS), who reportedly "hit the ceiling" on seeing the proofs of the poster.^[25] The poster was included shortly thereafter in MoMA's Information exhibition of July two to September 20, 1970, curated by Kynaston McShine.^[27] Another controversy involved Pablo Picasso's painting Male child Leading a Horse (1905–06), donated to MoMA by William S. Paley in 1964. The condition of the work as being sold under duress by its German Jewish owners in the 1930s was in dispute. The descendants of the original owners sued MoMA and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, which has another Picasso painting, Le Moulin de la Galette (1900), once owned by the same family, for return of the works.^[28] Both museums reached a confidential settlement with the descendants before the example went to trial and retained their respective paintings.^{[19] [29] [xxx]} Both museums had claimed from the outset to exist the proper owners of these paintings, and that the claims were illegitimate. In a articulation statement the two museums wrote: "nosotros settled but to avoid the costs of prolonged litigation, and to ensure the public continues to have admission to these of import paintings."^[31]

1980–1999 [edit]

Stairs in the Museum of Mod Fine art

Cross-section of the Museum of Mod Art

In 1983, the Museum more than doubled its gallery and increased curatorial department past thirty per centum, and added an auditorium, ii restaurants and a bookstore in conjunction with the construction of the 56-story Museum Tower adjoining the museum.^[32]

In 1997, the museum undertook a major renovation and expansion designed past Japanese builder Yoshio Taniguchi with Kohn Pedersen Fox. The project, including an increase in MoMA'southward endowment to cover operating expenses, price $858 meg in total. The project nearly doubled the space for MoMA'southward exhibitions and programs and features 630,000 square anxiety (59,000 m^two) of infinite. The Peggy and David Rockefeller Edifice on the western portion of the site houses the principal exhibition galleries, and The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Edifice provides space for classrooms, auditoriums, teacher preparation workshops, and the museum's expanded Library and Archives. These two buildings frame the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden, which was enlarged from its original configuration.

21st century [edit]

The museum was closed for ii years in connection with the renovation and moved its public-facing operations to a temporary facility called MoMA QNS in Long Island City, Queens. When MoMA reopened in 2004, the renovation was controversial. Some critics thought that Taniguchi'south blueprint was a fine example of contemporary compages, while many others were displeased with aspects of the design, such as the flow of the infinite.^{[33] [34] [35]} In 2005, the museum sold land that it owned w of its existing building to Hines, a Texas real estate programmer, nether an agreement that reserved space on the lower levels of the building Hines planned to construct there for a MoMA expansion.^[36]

In 2011, MoMA acquired an adjacent building constructed and occupied past the American Folk Art Museum on Due west 53rd Street. The building was a well-regarded structure designed by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and was sold in connexion with a financial restructuring of the Folk Fine art Museum.^[37] When MoMA announced that information technology would demolish the building in connexion with its expansion, in that location was outcry and considerable discussion nearly the issue, simply the museum ultimately proceeded with its original plans.^[38]

The Hines edifice, designed by Jean Nouvel and called 53W53, received construction approval in 2014.^[39] Around the time of Hines' construction approving, MoMA unveiled its expansion plans, which encompass space in 53W53, too every bit structure on the old site of the American Folk Art Museum.^[40] The expansion program was developed past the compages firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro in collaboration with Gensler. The first phase of construction began in 2014. In June 2017, patrons and the public were welcomed into MoMA to see the completion of the first phase of the $450 million expansion to the museum.^[41]

Spread over three floors of the fine art mecca off 5th Artery are 15,000 square-feet (almost 1,400 square-meters) of reconfigured galleries, a new, second gift shop, a redesigned cafe and espresso bar and, facing the sculpture garden, two lounges graced with blackness marble quarried in France.^[41]

The museum expansion projection increased the publicly accessibly space by 25% compared to when the Tanaguchi building was completed in 2004.^[42] The expansion allowed for even more of the museum's collection of about 200,000 works to exist displayed.^[41] The new spaces too allow visitors to enjoy a relaxing sit-down in one of the two new lounges, or even have a fully catered meal.^[41] The two new lounges include "The Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin Lounge" and "The Daniel and Jane Och Lounge".^{[41] [43]} The goal of this renovation is to aid expand the collection and display of piece of work by women, Latinos, blacks, Asians, and other marginalized communities.^[44] In connection with the renovation, MoMA shifted its arroyo to presenting its holdings, moving abroad from separating the drove past disciplines such as painting, design and works on paper toward an integrated chronological presentation that encompasses all areas of the collection.^[42]

The Museum of Modern Art closed for another circular of major renovations from June to October 2019.^{[44] [45]} Upon reopening on October 21, 2019, MoMA added 47,000 square feet (four,400 k²) of gallery space,^[46] and its total flooring area was 708,000 foursquare feet (65,800 m²).^[47] The expansion and refurbishment was overseen by the architectural firm of Diller Scofidio + Renfro.^[48] The institution began offer complimentary online classes in April 2014.^[49]

Exhibition houses [edit]

The MoMA occasionally has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses, which take reflected seminal ideas in architectural history.

• 1949: exhibition house by Marcel Breuer
• 1950: exhibition firm past Gregory Ain^[50]
• 1955: Japanese Exhibition House past Junzo Yoshimura, reinstalled in Philadelphia, PA in 1957–58 and known at present as Shofuso Japanese House and Garden
• 2008: Prefabricated houses planned^{[51] [52] [53]} by:
  • Kieran Timberlake Architects
  • Lawrence Sass
  • System Architects: Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier
  • Leo Kaufmann Architects
  • Richard Horden

Artworks [edit]

Claude Monet, Reflections of Clouds on the Water-Lily Pond, c.1920

Considered by many to take the best collection of modernistic Western masterpieces in the world, MoMA's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in add-on to approximately 22,000 films and 4 million film stills. (Access to the collection of film stills concluded in 2002, and the drove is mothballed in a vault in Hamlin, Pennsylvania.^[54]) The collection houses such important and familiar works equally the post-obit:

• Francis Salary, Painting (1946)
• Umberto Boccioni, The City Rises
• Paul Cézanne, The Bather
• Marc Chagall, I and the Village
• Giorgio de Chirico, The Vocal of Love
• Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory
• Max Ernst, Ii Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
• Paul Gauguin, Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi)
• Albert Gleizes, Portrait of Igor Stravinsky, 1914
• Jasper Johns, Flag
• Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait With Cropped Hair
• Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl
• René Magritte, The Empire of Lights
• René Magritte, Faux Mirror
• Kazimir Malevich, White on White 1918
• Henri Matisse, The Trip the light fantastic
• Jean Metzinger, Landscape, 1912–1914
• Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie-Woogie
• Claude Monet, Water Lilies triptych
• Barnett Newman, Cleaved Obelisk
• Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis (Human being, Heroic and Sublime)
• Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
• Jackson Pollock, Ane: Number 31, 1950
• Henri Rousseau, The Dream, 1910
• Henri Rousseau, The Sleeping Gypsy
• Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night
• Andy Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans
• Andrew Wyeth, Christina'south Earth

Selected drove highlights [edit]

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Information technology as well holds works by a wide range of influential European and American artists including Auguste Rodin, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Joan Miró, Aristide Maillol, Piet Mondrian, Marcel Duchamp, Paul Klee, Fernand Léger, René Magritte, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, Georgia O'Keeffe, Edward Hopper, Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Marker Rothko, David Smith, Helen Frankenthaler, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Robert Rauschenberg, Frank Stella, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and hundreds of others.

MoMA developed a world-renowned fine art photography collection first under Edward Steichen (1947–1961) then under Steichen's hand-picked successor John Szarkowski (1962–1991), which included photos by Todd Webb.^[55] The department was founded past Beaumont Newhall in 1940.^[56] Under Szarkowski, information technology focused on a more traditionally modernist approach to the medium, 1 that emphasized documentary images and orthodox darkroom techniques.

Pic [edit]

In 1932, museum founder Alfred Barr stressed the importance of introducing "the only great art form peculiar to the twentieth century" to "the American public which should appreciate practiced films and back up them". Museum Trustee and film producer John Hay Whitney became the first chairman of the Museum'southward Picture show Library from 1935 to 1951. The drove Whitney assembled with the assistance of film curator Iris Barry was and so successful that in 1937 the University of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences commended the Museum with an award "for its significant work in collecting films ... and for the first time making bachelor to the public the ways of studying the historical and aesthetic development of the movement picture as ane of the major arts".^[57]

The first curator and founder of the Film Library was Iris Barry, a British movie critic and author, whose three decades of pioneering piece of work in collecting films and presenting them in coherent artistic and historical contexts gained recognition for the cinema as the major new fine art course of our century. Barry and her successors have built a collection comprising some viii chiliad titles today, concentrating on assembling an outstanding collection of the important works of international film art, with emphasis being placed on obtaining the highest-quality materials.^[58]

The exiled moving-picture show scholar Siegfried Kracauer worked at the MoMA film annal on a psychological history of German film between 1941 and 1943. The event of his study, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Motion picture (1947), traces the birth of Nazism from the movie house of the Weimar Republic and helped lay the foundation of mod film criticism.

Under the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film, the film collection includes more than than 25,000 titles and ranks as one of the globe'due south finest museum athenaeum of international moving-picture show art. The department owns prints of many familiar feature-length movies, including Citizen Kane and Vertigo, merely its holdings also contains many less-traditional pieces, including Andy Warhol's 8-60 minutes Empire, Fred Halsted'south gay pornographic 50.A. Plays Itself (screened before a capacity audience on April 23, 1974), various Tv commercials, and Chris Cunningham'due south music video for Björk'due south All Is Full of Love.

Library [edit]

The MoMA library is located in Midtown Manhattan, with offsite storage in Long Isle City, Queens. The non-circulating collection documents mod and contemporary art including painting, sculpture, prints, photography, film, performance, and architecture from 1880–present. The drove includes 300,000 books, i,000 periodicals, and 40,000 files about artists and artistic groups. There are over 11,000 artist books in the collection.^[59] The libraries are open by appointment to all researchers. The library's itemize is chosen "Dadabase".^[4] Dadabase includes records for all of the fabric in the library, including books, artist books, exhibition catalogs, special collections materials, and electronic resources.^[4] The Museum of Modern Art's collection of artist books includes works by Ed Ruscha, Marcel Broodthaers, Susan Bee, Carl Andre, and David Horvitz.^[60]

Additionally, the library has subscription electronic resources along with Dadabase. These include journal databases (such as JSTOR and Art Full Text), auction results indexes (ArtFact and Artnet), the ARTstor image database, and WorldCat matrimony itemize.^[59]

Architecture and design [edit]

MoMA'due south Department of Architecture and Pattern was founded in 1932^[61] as the first museum section in the world dedicated to the intersection of architecture and design.^[62] The department's kickoff managing director was Philip Johnson who served every bit curator between 1932–34 and 1946–54.^[63] The next departmental head was Arthur Drexler, who was curator from 1951 to 1956 and and then served as head until 1986.^[64]

The collection consists of 28,000 works including architectural models, drawings and photographs.^[61] Ane of the highlights of the drove is the Mies van der Rohe Archive.^[62] It also includes works from such legendary architects and designers as Frank Lloyd Wright,^{[65] [66] [67] [68]} Paul László, the Eameses, Betty Cooke, Isamu Noguchi, and George Nelson. The pattern collection contains many industrial and manufactured pieces, ranging from a self-aligning brawl bearing to an entire Bell 47D1 helicopter. In 2012, the department acquired a option of 14 video games, the ground of an intended collection of twoscore that is to range from Pac-Homo (1980) to Minecraft (2011).^[69]

Management [edit]

Attendance [edit]

MoMA attracted 706,060 visitors in 2020, a drop of sixty-five per centum from 2019, due to the COVID-xix pandemic. It ranked xx-5th on the List of most visited art museums in the world in 2020.^[6]

MoMA has seen its average number of visitors rise from almost 1.five million a year to two.5 one thousand thousand later its new granite and glass renovation. In 2009, the museum reported 119,000 members and 2.8 million visitors over the previous financial year. MoMA attracted its highest-always number of visitors, 3.09 million, during its 2010 fiscal twelvemonth;^[seventy] however, attendance dropped 11 per centum to 2.8 meg in 2011.^[71] Attendance in 2016 was ii.8 one thousand thousand, downwards from 3.1 million in 2015.^[72]

The museum was open every day since its founding in 1929, until 1975, when it closed one solar day a week (originally Wednesdays) to reduce operating expenses. In 2012, information technology once again opened every twenty-four hour period, including Tuesday, the one twenty-four hours it has traditionally been closed.^[73]

Admission [edit]

The Museum of Modern Art charges an admission fee of $25 per adult.^[74] Upon MoMA's reopening, its admission toll increased from $12 to $20, making it one of the most expensive museums in the city. However, it has free entry on Fridays after 5:30pm, as part of the Uniqlo Gratis Fri Nights plan. Many New York expanse college students likewise receive free admission to the museum.^[75]

Finances [edit]

A private non-turn a profit organization, MoMA is the seventh-largest U.S. museum past budget;^[76] its annual revenue is nigh $145 million (none of which is profit). In 2011, the museum reported net assets (basically, a total of all the resource it has on its books, except the value of the fine art) of merely over $i billion.

Unlike most museums, the museum eschews authorities funding, instead subsisting on a fragmented budget with a half dozen unlike sources of income, none larger than a fifth.^[77] Before the economic crisis of late 2008, the MoMA's board of trustees decided to sell its equities in order to move into an all-cash position. An $858 million uppercase campaign funded the 2002–04 expansion, with David Rockefeller altruistic $77 million in cash.^[76] In 2005, Rockefeller pledged an boosted $100 meg toward the museum's endowment.^[78] In 2011, Moody's Investors Service, a bail rating bureau, rated $57 million worth of new debt in 2010 with a positive outlook and echoed their Aa2 bail credit rating for the underlying institution. The agency noted that MoMA has "superior fiscal flexibility with over $332 million of unrestricted fiscal resources", and has had solid attendance and tape sales at its retail outlets around the city and online. Some of the challenges that Moody's noted were the reliance that the museum has on the tourist industry in New York for its operating revenue, and a large amount of debt. The museum at the time had a two.4 debt-to-operating revenues ratio, but information technology was besides noted that MoMA intended to retire $370 million worth of debt in the adjacent few years. Standard & Poor's raised its long-term rating for the museum as it benefited from the fundraising of its trustees.^[79] Later on construction expenses for the new galleries are covered, the Modern estimates that some $65 one thousand thousand will get to its $650 meg endowment.

MoMA spent $32 million to acquire art for the fiscal twelvemonth ending in June 2012.^[fourscore]

MoMA employed about 815 people in 2007.^[77] The museum'south tax filings from the past few years advise a shift among the highest paid employees from curatorial staff to management.^[81] The museum'south managing director Glenn D. Lowry earned $1.6 one thousand thousand in 2009^[82] and lives in a rent-free $half-dozen million apartment above the museum.^[83]

MoMA was forced to shut in March 2020 during the COVID-xix pandemic in New York Metropolis.^[84] Citing the coronavirus shutdown, MoMA fired its art educators in April 2020.^[85] In May 2020, it was reported that MoMA would reduce its annual budget from $180 to $135 million starting July 1. Exhibition and publication funding was cut by half, and staff reduced from around 960 to 800.^[84]

Key people [edit]

Officers and the board of trustees [edit]

Currently, the board of trustees includes 46 trustees and 15 life trustees. Even including the board's xiv "honorary" trustees, who exercise non accept voting rights and do not play equally directly a part in the museum, this amounts to an boilerplate individual contribution of more than than $seven million.^[81] The Founders Wall was created in 2004, when MoMA'southward expansion was completed, and features the names of actual founders in addition to those who gave significant gifts; about a six names have been added since 2004. For example, Ileana Sonnabend's name was added in 2012, even though she was simply xv when the museum was established in 1929.^[86]

Board of trustees [edit]

Board of trustees:

• Wallis Annenberg
• Sid R. Bass
• Lawrence B. Benenson
• Leon D. Blackness
• Clarissa Alcock Bronfman
• Patricia Phelps de Cisneros
• Edith Cooper
• Paula Crown
• David Dechman
• Anne Dias-Griffin
• Glenn Dubin
• John Elkann
• Laurence D. Fink
• Kathleen Fuld
• Howard Gardner
• Mimi Haas
• Alexandra A. Herzan
• Marlene Hess
• Jill Kraus
• Marie-Josée Kravis
• Ronald S. Lauder
• Thomas H. Lee
• Michael Lynne
• Khalil Gibran Muhammad
• Philip Southward. Niarchos
• James G. Niven
• Peter Norton
• Maja Oeri
• Michael Southward. Ovitz
• David Rockefeller Jr.
• Sharon Percy Rockefeller
• Richard East. Salomon
• Marcus Samuelsson
• Anna Marie Shapiro
• Anna Deavere Smith
• Jerry I. Speyer
• Ricardo Steinbruch
• Daniel Sundheim
• Alice G. Tisch
• Edgar Wachenheim Three
• Gary Winnick

Directors [edit]

• Alfred H. Barr, Jr. (1929–1943)
• No director (1943–1949; the chore was handled by the chairman of the museum's coordination commission and the director of the Curatorial Department)^{[87] [88]}
• Rene d'Harnoncourt (1949–1968)
• Bates Lowry (1968–1969)
• John Brantley Hightower (1970–1972)
• Richard Oldenburg (1972–1995)
• Glenn D. Lowry (1995–present)

Principal curators [edit]

• Philip Johnson, chief curator of architecture and design (1932–1934 and 1946–1954)
• Arthur Drexler, principal curator of architecture and design (1951–1956)
• Peter Galassi, chief curator of photography (1991–2011)^{[56] [89]}
• Cornelia Butler, primary curator of drawings (2006–2013)
• Barry Bergdoll, chief curator of compages and pattern (2007–2013)
• Rajendra Roy, chief curator of picture show (2007–nowadays)
• Ann Temkin, master curator of painting and sculpture (2008–nowadays)^[90]
• Klaus Biesenbach, director of MoMA PS1 and chief curator at large (2009–2018)
• Sabine Breitwieser, chief curator of media and performance art (2010–2013)
• Christophe Cherix, chief curator of prints and illustrated books (2010–2013), drawings and prints (2013–present)
• Paola Antonelli, managing director of research and development and senior curator of architecture and blueprint (2012–present)
• Quentin Bajac, chief curator of photography (2012–2018)
• Stuart Comer, chief curator of media and performance fine art (2014–present)
• Martino Stierli, chief curator of compages and design (2015–present)

Controversy [edit]

Women Artists Visibility Event (W.A.V.E.) [edit]

On June 14, 1984 the Women Artists Visibility Event (Westward.A.V.East.), a sit-in of 400 women artists, was held in front of the newly renovated Museum of Modern Art to protest the lack of female representation in its opening exhibition, "An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture". The exhibition featured 165 artists; merely fourteen of which those were women.^{[91] [92]}

Art repatriation problems [edit]

The MoMA has been involved in several claims initiated past families for artworks lost in the Holocaust which concluded up in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art.^[93]

In 2009, the heirs of German artist George Grosz filed a lawsuit seeking restitution of three works by Grosz, and the heirs of Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy filed a lawsuit enervating the return of the painting by Pablo Picasso, entitled Boy Leading a Horse (1905–1906).^{[94] [95] [96]}

In another case, after a decade long court fight, in 2015 the MoMA returned a painting entitled Sand Hills past German language creative person Ernst Ludwig Kirchner to the Fischer family unit because it had been stolen by Nazis.^[97]

Strike MoMA [edit]

Strike MoMA is a 2021 movement to strike the museum targeting what its supporters have called the "toxic philanthropy" of the museum's leadership.^{[98] [99]}

See also [edit]

• List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
• List of almost-visited museums in the United States
• Dorothy Canning Miller
• Sam Hunter
• Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
• Talk to Me (exhibition)
• The Family of Man exhibit (1955)
• WikiProject MoMA

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ The Art Newspaper, List of about-visited museums in 2020, March 31, 2021
2. ^ Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2005). "The Development of Modernist Fine art: The Early 20th Century". Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 796. ISBN978-0-4950-0478-3. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is consistently identified as the institution most responsible for developing modernist fine art ... the nigh influential museum of modern fine art in the world.
3. ^ Museum of Mod Art – New York Art World Archived February 23, 2009, at the Wayback Auto
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Sources [edit]

• Allan, Kenneth R. "Agreement Information", in Conceptual Art: Theory, Myth, and Practise. Ed. Michael Corris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. 144–168.
• Barr, Alfred H; Sandler, Irving; Newman, Amy (January 1, 1986). Defining modern art: selected writings of Alfred H. Barr, Jr . New York: Abrams. ISBN0810907151.
• Bee, Harriet South. and Michelle Elligott. Fine art in Our Fourth dimension. A Chronicle of the Museum of Modern Art, New York 2004, ISBN 0-87070-001-4.
• Fitzgerald, Michael C. Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.
• Geiger, Stephan. The Art of Assemblage. The Museum of Modern Art, 1961. Die neue Realität der Kunst in den frühen sechziger Jahren, (Diss. Academy Bonn 2005), München 2008, ISBN 978-three-88960-098-ane.
• Harr, John Ensor and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Iii Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
• Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993.
• Lynes, Russell, Skillful Old Modern: An Intimate Portrait of the Museum of Modern Art, New York: Archives, 1973.
• Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908–1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
• Rockefeller, David (2003). Memoirs. New York: Random House. ISBN978-0812969733.
• Schulze, Franz (June fifteen, 1996). Philip Johnson: Life and Piece of work. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0226740584.
• Staniszewski, Mary Anne (1998). The Power of Display. A History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modernistic Fine art. MIT Press. ISBN978-0262194020.
• Wilson, Kristina (2009). The Modern Middle: Stieglitz, MoMA, and the Art of the Exhibition, 1925–1934. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0300149166.
• Lowry, Glenn D. (2009). The Museum of Modern Art in this Century. Museum of Modernistic Art. ISBN978-0870707643.

External links [edit]

• Official website
• MoMA Exhibition History Listing (1929–Present)
• MoMA Audio
• MoMA's YouTube Channel
• MoMA's gratis online courses on Coursera
• MoMA Learning
• MoMA Mag
• Jeffers, Wendy (Nov 2004). "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Patron of the mod". Magazine Antiques. 166 (55): 118. 14873617. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016 – via EBSCOhost.
• " MoMA to Close, Then Open Doors to a More Expansive View of Art" New York Times, 2019

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